tính chất hóa học của phi kim

1. ^ Hein & Arena 2013, pp. 226, G-6
2. ^ Godovikov & Nenasheva 2020, p. 4
3. ^ Sanderson 1957, p. 229
4. ^ Morely & Muir 1892, p. 241
5. ^ Kneen, Rogers & Simpson 1972, pp. 218–219
6. ^ Steudel 2020, p. 43
7. ^ Vernon 2013
8. ^ IUPAC Periodic Table of the Elements
9. ^ Johnson 2007, p. 13
10. ^ Bodner & Pardue 1993, p. 354; Cherim 1971, p. 98
11. ^ Restrepo et al. 2006, p. 411; Thornton & Burdette 2010, p. 86; Hermann, Hoffmann & Ashcroft 2013, pp. 11604‒1‒11604‒5
12. ^ Mewes et al. 2019; Smits et al. 2020
13. ^ Kneen, Rogers & Simpson 1972, pp. 261–264
14. ^ Phillips 1973, p. 7
15. ^ Zumdahl & DeCoste 2010, pp. 455, 456, 469, A40
16. ^ Still năm nhâm thìn, p. 120
17. ^ Siekierski & Burgess 2002, p. 86
18. ^ Charlier, Gonze & Michenaud 1994
19. ^ Taniguchi et al. 1984, p. 867: "... black phosphorus ... [is] characterized by the wide valence bands with rather delocalized nature."; Morita 1986, p. 230; Carmalt & Norman 1998, p. 7: "Phosphorus ... should therefore be expected to lớn have some metalloid properties."; Du et al. 2010. Interlayer interactions in đen kịt phosphorus, which are attributed to lớn nài der Waals-Keesom forces, are thought to lớn contribute to lớn the smaller band gap of the bulk material (calculated 0.19 eV; observed 0.3 eV) as opposed to lớn the larger band gap of a single layer (calculated ~0.75 eV).
20. ^ Wiberg 2001, pp. 742
21. ^ Evans 1966, pp. 124–25
22. ^ Wiberg 2001, pp. 758
23. ^ Stuke 1974, p. 178; Donohue 1982, pp. 386–87; Cotton et al. 1999, p. 501
24. ^ Steudel 1977, p. 240: "... considerable orbital overlap must exist, to lớn sườn intermolecular, many-center ... [sigma] bonds, spread through the layer and populated with delocalized electrons, reflected in the properties of iodine (lustre, color, moderate electrical conductivity)."; Segal 1989, p. 481: "Iodine exhibits some metallic properties ..."
25. ^ Kneen, Rogers & Simpson 1972, pp. 85–86, 237
26. ^ Salinas 2019, p. 379
27. ^ Yang 2004, p. 9
28. ^ Herzfeld 1927, pp. 701–705; Edwards 2000, pp. 100–103
29. ^ Kneen, Rogers & Simpson 1972, pp. 263‒264
30. ^ Langley & Hattori năm trước, p. 214
31. ^ Abbott 1966, p. 18
32. ^ Brown et al. năm trước, p. 237
33. ^ Ebbing & Wrighton 2007 p. 868
34. ^ Matson & Orbaek 2013, p. 85
35. ^ Yoder, Suydam & Snavely 1975, p. 58
36. ^ Young et al. 2018, p. 753
37. ^ Brown et al. năm trước, p. 227
38. ^ Siekierski & Burgess 2002, pp. 21, 133, 177
39. ^ Moore 2016; Burford, Passmore & Sanders 1989, p. 54
40. ^ King & Caldwell 1954, p. 17; Brady & Senese 2009, p. 69
41. ^ Chemical Abstracts Service 2021
42. ^ Cockell 2019, p. 210
43. ^ Emsley 2011, pp. 81, 181; Scott năm trước, p. 3
44. ^ Kneen, Rogers & Simpson 1972, pp. 226, 360
45. ^ Lee 1996, p. 240
46. ^ Greenwood & Earnshaw 2002, p. 43
47. ^ Cressey 2010
48. ^ Siekierski & Burgess 2002, pp. 24–25
49. ^ Siekierski & Burgess 2002, p. 23
50. ^ Petruševski & Cvetković 2018; Grochala 2018

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